Seismic Wave
Seismic waves are waves of energy that travel through Earth's layers, generated by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, or artificial explosions, and recorded by instruments called seismometers. They are classified into body waves, which travel through Earth's interior (P-waves and S-waves), and surface waves, which travel along Earth's outer layers and cause most of the shaking felt during an earthquake. The analysis of seismic waves allows geophysicists to determine the location and magnitude of earthquakes and to probe the internal structure of Earth.
Key Formula
v = f × λ
LaTeX: v = f \lambda
| Symbol | Meaning | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| v | Wave velocity | m/s |
| f | Frequency | Hz |
| λ | Wavelength | m |
Worked Example
Problem
A P-wave has a frequency of 2 Hz and a wavelength of 3,000 m. What is the velocity of the P-wave?
Solution
Step 1: Identify known values: f = 2 Hz, λ = 3,000 m. Step 2: Apply the wave equation: v = f × λ. Step 3: Substitute: v = 2 Hz × 3,000 m = 6,000 m/s.
Answer
v = 6,000 m/s (6 km/s), consistent with typical P-wave speeds in the crust.
Comparison of Seismic Wave Types
| Wave Type | Motion Type | Speed (km/s) | Travel Medium | Damage Potential |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| P-wave (Primary) | Compressional (push-pull) | 5–8 (crust) | Solid, liquid, gas | Low |
| S-wave (Secondary) | Shear (side to side) | 3–5 (crust) | Solid only | Moderate |
| Love Wave | Horizontal shear | 2.0–4.5 | Surface only | High |
| Rayleigh Wave | Elliptical rolling | 1.5–4.0 | Surface only | Very high |
Interactive Tools
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Related Terms
Earthquake
An earthquake is the shaking of Earth's surface caused by the sudden release of energy stored in rocks under stress, generating seismic waves that radiate outward from the point of rupture called the focus or hypocenter. The point on the surface directly above the focus is the epicenter, which typically experiences the strongest ground shaking. Earthquakes occur most frequently along tectonic plate boundaries, active fault lines, and volcanic zones, and are measured by seismographs using scales such as the Moment Magnitude Scale.
Richter Scale
The Richter scale is a logarithmic scale developed by Charles F. Richter in 1935 to measure the magnitude of earthquakes based on the amplitude of seismic waves recorded by a seismograph at a standard distance of 100 km from the epicenter. Because it is logarithmic, each whole-number increase on the scale represents a tenfold increase in measured wave amplitude and approximately 31.6 times more energy released. While largely superseded by the Moment Magnitude Scale (Mw) for scientific use, the Richter scale remains widely used in public communication about earthquake intensity.
Plate Tectonics
Plate tectonics is the scientific theory describing how Earth's lithosphere is divided into large, rigid segments called tectonic plates that move over the underlying asthenosphere. These plates interact at their boundaries through convergence, divergence, or lateral sliding, driving processes such as mountain building, ocean floor spreading, and volcanic activity. The theory unifies many geological phenomena and explains the distribution of earthquakes, volcanoes, and major landforms across Earth's surface.
From Greek "seismos" (earthquake, shaking) and Old English "waeg" (wave, motion). The systematic study of seismic waves began in the late 19th century; British geologist John Milne built one of the first effective seismographs in 1880, enabling precise wave analysis.