Vapor Pressure
Vapor pressure is the pressure exerted by the vapor of a substance in equilibrium with its liquid (or solid) phase at a given temperature in a closed system. It is a measure of the tendency of molecules to escape from the liquid phase into the gas phase, and increases exponentially with temperature according to the Clausius–Clapeyron equation. Vapor pressure determines a liquid's boiling point (the temperature at which vapor pressure equals atmospheric pressure), and is critical in understanding evaporation, distillation, and humidity.
Key Formula
ln(P₂/P₁) = −(ΔH_vap / R) × (1/T₂ − 1/T₁)
LaTeX: \ln\left(\frac{P_2}{P_1}\right) = -\frac{\Delta H_{\text{vap}}}{R}\left(\frac{1}{T_2} - \frac{1}{T_1}\right)
| Symbol | Meaning | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| P₁, P₂ | Vapor pressures at temperatures T₁ and T₂ | Pa or atm |
| ΔH_vap | Molar enthalpy of vaporization | J/mol |
| R | Universal gas constant (8.314 J/mol·K) | J/(mol·K) |
| T₁, T₂ | Temperatures | K |
Worked Example
Problem
The vapor pressure of water at 100 °C is 1.000 atm and ΔH_vap = 40,700 J/mol. Calculate the vapor pressure of water at 90 °C.
Solution
Step 1: Convert temperatures: T₁ = 373.15 K (100 °C), T₂ = 363.15 K (90 °C). Step 2: Apply Clausius–Clapeyron: ln(P₂/P₁) = −(ΔH_vap/R)(1/T₂ − 1/T₁). Step 3: Calculate (1/T₂ − 1/T₁) = (1/363.15) − (1/373.15) = 2.7537×10⁻³ − 2.6800×10⁻³ = 7.37×10⁻⁵ K⁻¹. Step 4: −(40700 / 8.314) × 7.37×10⁻⁵ = −4894 × 7.37×10⁻⁵ = −0.3607. Step 5: ln(P₂/1.000) = −0.3607 → P₂ = e^(−0.3607) × 1.000 = 0.6975 atm. Step 6: Convert: 0.6975 atm × 101.325 kPa/atm ≈ 70.7 kPa.
Answer
P₂ ≈ 0.698 atm (70.7 kPa) at 90 °C
Vapor Pressure of Water at Various Temperatures
| Temperature (°C) | Temperature (K) | Vapor Pressure (kPa) | Vapor Pressure (mmHg) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 273.15 | 0.611 | 4.58 |
| 20 | 293.15 | 2.338 | 17.54 |
| 37 | 310.15 | 6.281 | 47.10 |
| 60 | 333.15 | 19.94 | 149.5 |
| 80 | 353.15 | 47.39 | 355.4 |
| 100 | 373.15 | 101.3 | 760.0 |
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Related Terms
Phase Diagram
A phase diagram is a graphical representation showing the equilibrium states of matter (solid, liquid, gas, and sometimes plasma or supercritical fluid) for a given substance as a function of temperature and pressure. The diagram delineates phase boundaries (lines along which two phases coexist), the triple point (where all three phases coexist), and the critical point (beyond which liquid and gas phases become indistinguishable). Phase diagrams are essential tools in materials science, chemical engineering, and geochemistry for predicting phase behavior under varying conditions.
Triple Point
The triple point of a substance is the unique combination of temperature and pressure at which all three phases — solid, liquid, and gas — coexist in thermodynamic equilibrium simultaneously. For water, the triple point is precisely 273.16 K (0.01 °C) and 611.73 Pa, a value so reproducible that it historically served as the definition of the kelvin in the International System of Units. The triple point is an invariant point: changing temperature or pressure in any direction will shift the system away from three-phase coexistence.
Critical Point
The critical point is the endpoint of the liquid–gas phase boundary on a phase diagram, defined by the critical temperature (T_c) and critical pressure (P_c), beyond which the distinction between liquid and gas phases disappears and the substance exists as a supercritical fluid. Above the critical temperature, no amount of pressure can liquefy the gas; above the critical pressure at the critical temperature, the fluid exhibits properties intermediate between gas and liquid. Supercritical fluids have important industrial applications, such as supercritical CO₂ in extraction processes.
From Latin 'vapor' (steam, exhalation) and French 'pression' (pressure). The relationship between vapor pressure and temperature was quantified by Benoît Paul Émile Clapeyron in 1834 and extended by Rudolf Clausius in 1850, giving rise to the Clausius–Clapeyron equation.